Role of Literature in the Age of Technology Free Essays

Writing alludes to the domain of letters and the works of a specific period, generally those whose worth lies in the excellence of structure or enthusiastic impact. Innovation is the study of the mechanical expressions. Researchers have assumed a significant job in advancing human government assistance, however the advantages of science might not have arrived at the majority, at any rate in plentiful measure, without mechanical gadgets and handy applications. We will compose a custom article test on Job of Literature in the Age of Technology or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now We live in the realm of both science and innovation and numerous individuals, who take a somewhat shallow perspective on things, have started to feel that in the mechanical universe of tomorrow the job of writing appears to be poor. Truth be told, writing in its unadulterated structure is accepted to have little connection with science and innovation. Science gives information and power and both science and innovation influence human life at a few focuses, however the degree and utility of the applications are dictated by our way of life, our shrewdness and our needs. Writing mirrors the temperaments and feelings of the occasions where it is delivered; it is molded by the reflexes which, thusly, are made by the effect of science and innovation. Present day innovation progressively rules the world, and the control is probably going to turn out to be increasingly articulated in future, in view of the quick advancements tending to quell imaginative human reasoning and articulation. Yet, the conviction that writing would have no spot in future and in advanced computations is wrong. There is no motivation to accept that the mechanical lifestyle, where our activities are represented increasingly more by PC culture and electronic mini-computers of numerous types, will demolish the ability of journalists, creators, artists, biographers and specialists. Innovation doesn't debilitate characteristic, multi faceted ability; rather, it for the most part advances the atmosphere for articulations of ability in innumerable channels. All round flourishing helps a lot in making writing of enduring worth, and it is innovation which has made numerous nations affluent and prosperous. Jawaharlal Nehru advised us somewhere in the range of four decades back that it was uniquely through the development of innovation that our nation would get prosperous. Now and again mechanical turn of events and robotization may cause hopelessness, through the resultant joblessness, for example. In any case, it must be noticed that both science and innovation likewise give extra roads to business; nations which gloat of most extreme work, or about in this way, are those which are mechanically best in class. Indeed, our nation may go down, rather than advancing quick, in the event that we don't stay up with innovative turns of events and walk in sync, beyond what many would consider possible, with the industrialized and mechanically dynamic countries. It isn't just for the material advantages, the solaces and accommodations of life that we should decide on the most recent mechanical procedures, even by disposing of our customary practices, yet for our craft and writing, as well, we will need to make the best of innovation, which would empower gifted individuals to place in their best in craftsmanship and writing. A few people think and they have a purpose behind doing as such, that since science annihilates confidence and convention, it will in general produce distrust, nervousness and even pressures, and it questions everything, even loved qualities. Science has wiped out notions. Innovation assists with giving weapons of war; war invigorates technologists, yet it discourages the craftsmen and the individuals who get ready scholarly pieces. Affectability and the inclination to make new perfect works of art get smothered; crazy annihilation, carnage and threats ruin the very atmosphere that assists with making writing and aesthetic artful culminations. Culture and writing, all things considered, show the development of man’s internal nature. Culture prompts people to look for flawlessness; they are not propelled by interest and the unending feeling of enquiry which portray researchers and technologists. Writing communicates sentiments and deepest considerations and aspirations, while innovation has different finishes and different fields to investigate. Writing may from the outset seem, by all accounts, to be strange in a mechanical milieu, yet clearly researchers and technologists don't infringe upon the field of writing. There is by all accounts no motivation behind why both writing and innovation can't thrive one next to the other. A general public that is exceptionally dynamic mechanically may likewise get wealthy in writing. We may take the case of the world’s most modernly propelled nation and the mightiest military influence, the USA, where innovation has enrolled remarkable accomplishments but then the USA has created rich writing. Innovation brings about riches and thriving and financial success advances great writing and showstoppers in expressions of the human experience. So there is no compression included. It is just during war and the hard and fast arrangements for war, that writing gets a misfortune. Science and innovation, it has been really stated, have fundamentally modified the substance of civilisation, however nothing, not even the most advanced mechanical gadgets and the most productive uses of new developments, can change human instinct or supplant person, who should in reality stay in compelling order of every logical creation and their everyday application. Innovation has made robots, man-made reasoning looking like â€Å"thinking computers† which can peruse, decipher, decipher and give choices with stunning pace and exactness. However, not even the most modern mechanical advances can without anyone else produce literatureâ€poetry, composition, plays, books and stories. One might say, science and innovation might be supposed to be of direct help with advancing writing, since they help to make relaxation by presenting work sparing and efficient gadgets and by wiping out drudgery just as duplication of exertion. The recreation in this way made can be put to abstract interests. In such a specific situation, the discussion of a logical inconsistency among innovation and writing isn't very much established. Logical skill may along these lines be seen as innovation which, analyzed impartially, has a significant bearing on expressions and writing. Great writing has an enduring effect on the human brain; it engages, trains and recognizes the soul of individuals; it doesn't spoil or degenerate the psyche in any capacity, and it positively doesn't prompt pulverization of any area of humankind. Science and its handmaid, innovation, in any case, have set in the possession of man horrible and profoundly damaging devices looking like deadly weapons the like of which he has never had. Writing fabricates, however innovation, whenever abused by awful legislators and lawmakers may cause devastation for an enormous scope, pulverizing the two litterateurs and technologists without separation. Innovation makes for fixation and centralisation of monetary and political movement. A person’s singularity, feeling of club and magnanimity will in general get disintegrated. Where there is less support of workmanship and ability, there will undoubtedly be less of writing of perpetual worth, on the grounds that the correct soul and state of mind are not there to advance it. The depersonalisation of current life which, it shows up, will get more grounded as the years pass, is probably going to debilitate essayists and writers; wretchedness, anguish and a by and large boisterous air are not really helpful for the creation of sound writing. In any case, we need not surrender all expectation of a superior world tomorrow, from the angle of culture and writing, just in light of the fact that science and innovation will in general prevail over human qualities. It is inside the force and limit of man, if he practices his savvy instinct and seeks after the correct needs to shape a superior world, where writing prospers alongside industry and innovation. Step by step instructions to refer to Role of Literature in the Age of Technology, Essays

Bomb Threat and Explosion Investigation Free Essays

Also, other law authorization offices may have explicit data esteem. The Intelligence Service, Armed Forces of the Philippines (ISAFP), Police Intelligence Group (PIG) and National Intelligence Coordinating Agency (NICA) keeps up documents on people who make dangers against political pioneers. The Bureau of Customs (BOC) may give data of imported products; the Bureau of Immigration and Deportation (BID) can give data on people entering or leaving the nation; the Firearms and Explosive Division, Civil Security Group, Philippine National Police (FED, CSG, PNP) keeps up records on guns and explosives; the Bureau of Corrections (BUCOR) keeps up records on escapees; the Philippine Postal Corporation (PHILPOST) may aid matters identified with the sends; the National Anti-Kidnapping Task Force (NAKTAF) may, have documents of data and knowledge since they have essential purview in seize for-emancipate cases. We will compose a custom exposition test on Bomb Threat and Explosion Investigation or then again any comparative theme just for you Request Now On the neighborhood level, the nearby police specialists every now and again keep up singular photograph or â€Å"mug† documents, assumed name documents, business files, usual methodology (MO) records, exploitation records and wrongdoing designs. What's more, court records, probation and parole documents, and other city records, for example, utilities, may demonstrate significant. Records of organizations, for example, the phone, electric and water organizations, may likewise be useful. Reconnaissance and stakeouts are significant segments of abduct for-deliver examinations. These exercises may require different types of electronic observation, including wiretapping, listening in, vehicle locator frameworks, recording and photography. Such endeavors may require help from different organizations. The examiner ought to be natural, with the utilization of such gear, yet in addition with the laws encompassing their application. The agent must know when a court request is important for the utilization of electronic observation. For no situation should a specialist utilize untouchable intends to make sure about data. Section 7 BOMB THREAT AND EXPLOSION INVESTIGATION INTRODUCTION The utilization of explosives, by specific hoodlums and criminal associations, has expanded since the mid †1980’s. Measurements additionally show that homes, vehicles and organizations were the essential focuses of bombings and, in eight out of ten occurrences, the intention was vandalism and vengeance. Bombs are frequently made out normal family things routinely found in the kitchen, carport or under the sink. The funnel bomb, the least demanding bomb to build, is regularly pressed with screws and nails which go about as shots, like hand projectiles. These are materials that the aircraft depends on, to a limited extent, to help hide their character. Since they are typically home-made, they are constrained in their structure just by the creative mind of the aircraft. While scanning for a bomb, the specialist ought to just search for whatever seems strange. The bomb expert chooses what is and isn't a bomb. The besieging wrongdoing scene must be connected to the plane and, whenever discovered unblemished, the bombs themselves can here and there uncover the personality of the aircraft. Bombs can be built to look like nearly anything and can be set or conveyed in an assortment of ways. The possibility of finding a bomb that seems as though the cliché bomb is nearly non-existent. Exploring THE BOMB THREAT Bomb dangers are conveyed in an assortment of ways. Most are called in to the objective. Periodically, these calls are made through an outsider. Once in a while, a danger is conveyed through recorded as a hard copy or by means of a chronicle. There are two (2) general clarifications concerning why the aircraft impart a bomb danger: 1. The guest has positive information or accepts that an unstable or combustible bomb has been or will be set, and that the individual in question needs to limit individual injury or property harm. The guest might be the individual who put the gadget or another person who has gotten mindful of such data. 2. The guest needs to make an environment of tension and frenzy that will, thusly, brings about interruption of ordinary exercises at the office where the gadget is evidently positioned. Whatever the explanation, there will surely be a response to it. Nonetheless, through appropriate arranging, the wide assortment of wild responses can be limited. The bomb danger guest is the best wellspring of data about a bomb. At the point when bomb danger is brought in, the accompanying advances ought to be actualized: 1. Keep the guest on the line to the extent that this would be possible. 2. Request that the person in question recurrent the message and record each word verbally expressed by the individual. 3. Get some information about the area of the bomb and the hour of explosion of the gadget. 4. Illuminate the guest that the structure is involved and the explosion of a bomb could execute or harm blameless individuals. 5. Give specific consideration to foundation commotion, for example, engine running, music playing or some other clamor. This may provide some insight regarding the area of the guest. 6. Listen near he voice (male or female), voice quality (quiet or energized), emphasize and discourse obstructions. 7. Meeting the individual who got the require the first data. Reacting TO A BOMB THREAT because of a bomb danger, the accompanying updates must be carefully seen by the people on call: 1. Cease from broadcasting while at the area. Radio transmissions may trigger the hazardous gadget. 2. Anybody engaged with the hunt must not contact any speculated things. Under any conditions, if a dubious item is found, it ought not be contacted or upset. 3. Keep up a sheltered good ways from the touchy gadget. 4. Call the Explosive Ordinance Disposal Team (EODT) to deal with the hazardous gadget. Security PRECAUTIONS In a strike or search circumstance in which touchy gadgets are relied upon to be experienced, examinations ought to be joined by an explosives master. This individual can be utilized to educate other cops of what kind of gadget is within reach and how best to continue securely with the strike. Different safety measures incorporate the accompanying: 1. Just each official in turn should move toward the presumed booby trap. 2. At the point when excursion wires are found, the two parts of the bargains ought to be checked. 3. Wires that give off an impression of being electric ought not be cut. 4. No compartments ought to be opened without exhaustive assessment. Components OF BOMB INCIDENT PLANNING To counter bomb episodes, a physical security plan and bomb occurrence plan ought to be made. The components of these plans are as per the following: 1. Control 1) Who will be responsible for the episode? 2) Where will the control place be found? 3) How will basic choices be made? 4) Who will man the control community? 5) What essential and interchange correspondence framework will be utilized during the occurrence? 2. Inception What techniques will be endless supply of a bomb danger or notice that a gadget has been found? 3. Departure If clearing is requested, what strategy will be followed? 4. Search 1) What will be looked? 2) What search strategy will be utilized? 3) Who will look? 5. Harm Control 1) What harm control estimates will be taken? ) Who will take the harm control measure? 6. Explosion 1) What strategy will be followed if a bomb explodes all of a sudden? BOMB †SEARCHING TECHNIQUES A two-man search thing is suggested when searching for bombs. At the point when the inquiry group goes into the room, they should initially move to different pieces of the room an d stand unobtrusively, with their eyes shut, and tune in for perfect timing gadget. Regularly, a precision gadget can undoubtedly be distinguished without the utilization of particular hardware. Regardless of whether no perfect timing component can be distinguished, the pursuit group is currently mindful of the foundation commotion level inside the room itself. Foundation commotion is continually upsetting during a structure search. In the event that a ticking sound is heard however can't be found, one may get terrified. The ticking sound may originate from an uneven climate control system fan, a few stories away, or from a dribbling sink a few doors down. Sound can move through cooling conduits, along water pipes and through dividers. One of the more troublesome structures to look is one that has steam of high temp water heat. This kind of building will continually pound, break, prattle and tick as a result of the development of the steam of boiling water through the channels and the extension and compression of the funnels. The room ought to be separated into two for all intents and purposes equivalent parts. A fanciful line is then drawn between two articles in the room. The primary looking through stature will for the most part spread things in the room up to hip tallness. The searchers at that point position themselves on inverse sides of the room and start looking through their way around the room, moving in the direction of one another. During the inquiry, all things laying on the floor and situated around or on the divider territory are assessed. Albeit numerous minor varieties are conceivable in looking through a room, coming up next are the synopsis of the fundamental looking through advances: 1. Partition the zone and select a pursuit tallness. 2. Start from the base and stir yourself up. 3. Start consecutive and progress in the direction of one another. 4. Circumvent the dividers and continue toward the focal point of the room. The most effective method to refer to Bomb Threat and Explosion Investigation, Papers

Beginners Guide to Living a Super Minimalistic Life

Beginners Guide to Living a Super Minimalistic Life If you’d like to change your lifestyle from high-consumption to a happier and less material driven way of life, a minimalist lifestyle could be the answer. © Shutterstock.com | PavelShynkarouIn this guide, we’ll equip you with an understanding of minimalism and the basic principles of a minimalist life. We’ll highlight the benefits of this approach and provide you with a five-step plan to a super minimalistic life.WHAT IS A MINIMALISTIC LIFE?Minimalistic life is often misunderstood as a wacky fad. When people hear someone is living a minimalist life, they think the person doesn’t have a TV, a computer or almost any other household item (if they even have a house!).Furthermore, people who lead a minimalist lifestyle are considered idealistic hippies, who don’t understand their privilege.But none of the above is actually true. So, what is minimalism about?What is minimalism?In essence, minimalism is a lifestyle to rid yourself of life’s excesses in favour of focusing on the aspects most important for you.Therefore, minimalism doesn’t have an ultimate list of things to discard. Each person defines minimalism differently and th e excesses and areas of focus can differ from person to person.Minimalism does typically, however, result in a lifestyle with the following characteristics:Less: clutter, time commitments, negative thought patterns and toxic relationshipsMore: time, space and energy to focus on things that are meaningful to the personTo some, minimalism might mean living in a tent without a TV and a smartphone. But minimalism is also for the people who live a perfectly ‘normal’ life with work, family and hobbies, but who just want to cut down on the non-essentials. To them, owning many clothes, having the newest sports car and eating out can be non-essentials, while the person in the tent might consider even a house a non-essential.A minimalistic life will give you happiness once you know your lifes purpose (see slides)[slideshare id=55235718doc=life-purpose-151118042333-lva1-app6891w=640h=330]It’s easy to assume minimalism is all about possessions. To a certain extent, this is true, as you’ ll most likely reduce the amount of physical possessions once you choose to lead a minimalistic life. But it’s not just about the possessions, but also about the people and activities in your life that are of no real value.Ultimately, minimalism is about finding freedom in life. Living a minimalistic lifestyle is the freedom from guilt, consumption and worry, for example. It’s about figuring out the things, people and activities which provide you the most value and happiness, and removing the things, people and activities from your life which you don’t actually need.Minimalism is about making choices consciously, rather than letting other people or society tell us what to do or value. It can help add more intention to your everyday life, as you’ll consciously think about your choices and focus on the most important aspects of life.A Swedish proverb highlights the ideas behind minimalism quite well:“Fear less, hope more; eat less, chew more; whine less, breathe more; talk l ess, say more; love more, and all good things will be yours.”This is the story of how two guys created a  rich life with less stuff. The basic principles of minimalismWhile a minimalistic life will look different from one person to the other, there are certain guiding principles you should use to get started. You should focus on three things: removing needless things, nurturing the essentials, and making your actions count.Removing needless thingsAs mentioned above, removing needless things doesn’t equal to omitting everything or throwing away your possessions. The focus is on the word ‘needless’ and the definition you apply to this word. You need to identify the things and actions in your life, which you need and value.In minimalism, you want to objectively look at each item and consider its true meaning and value to you. To some it might mean removing possessions such as fancy furniture or downsizing to a smaller apartment, while others might focus on reducing their wardro be or shoe collection.Identifying needless things might not be as easy as it sounds. We tend to place a lot of sentimental value to things, as well as think about the future possibilities. For example, it’s easy to look at your bread maker and convince yourself you might need it in the future. The key is to identify the reasons you value the specific item and understand whether you actually need it.Notice that having less doesn’t mean you can’t have things or even add new items to your life. It’s only about identifying the things you actually require and which add to your overall happiness.Here are some things you could leave away.[slideshare id=31111976doc=20thingstodeleteoutfromyourlife-140212011755-phpapp02w=640h=330]Nurturing the essentialsMinimalism’s basic principles also include nurturing the essentials. These naturally include life’s necessities such as food, water and shelter. But you’ll also have other essentials important to yourself.Identify the essentials by asking yourself:What is important to me?What makes me happy?By making a note of the things that have the biggest impact on your happiness and wellbeing, you can start nurturing these aspects of your life more. You’ll most likely also identify the needless aspects of your possessions and actions.Remember to look at the above questions through both your private and work life. Minimalism isn’t just about living a minimalistic lifestyle at home in your private space, but also about identifying the essentials in your career.Making your actions countThe final principle deals with making your actions count. You want to start avoiding things that don’t matter to you or add to your wellbeing and happiness.Every action you take and every purchase you make should have a meaning behind it. These actions should have a positive impact on your life.Making your actions count is largely about sustainability as well. It’s not just about the short-term impact or happiness, but the long-term impact.A new car might make you happy for a month, but after a year, you might be sick of the sight of it.Instead of looking for the short-term reward and impact, you want to find the items and actions that continue to have an effect long into the future.THE BENEFITS OF A MINIMALISTIC LIFESTYLEThe above is interesting and great, but you might be wondering why you should embark on a minimalistic lifestyle? Is there any benefit to getting rid of needless things and focusing on the essentials? After all, what harm can that extra bread maker do in your cupboard?There are three big reasons for choosing minimalism:It helps define what is important and meaningful for you. By understanding what you are truly interested and passionate about, you can direct your life towards these goals. You’ll start pursuing your passion and spend your time and energy on meaningful activities. All of which can help eliminate discontent. You’re not spending your workday mindlessly calculating profits, bu t you go out and develop ideas and concepts you are excited and passionate about.It provides you more freedom. Minimalism can free you from pursuing things that aren’t essential for you. You stop seeking things and actions with artificial status. For instance, you don’t feel compelled to buy the car just so your neighbors would consider you rich, as you understand this doesn’t provide you real happiness. Furthermore, you can often enjoy deeper financial freedom. You’ll stop buying things and participating in activities that require money, yet don’t provide you happiness and meaning. Extra money might lead to you working less, as you don’t require money to stay happy and pay for things you don’t even need or value. Minimalistic lifestyle is a key concept of the early retirement extreme movement. The movement is about people who want to retire in their 30s and 40s, and spend the rest of their time in pursuing other meaningful routes in life.Your experience of things and actions is different. Minimalism can help you live in the moment. Instead of chasing the future where your dreams have come true, you focus on the here and now. We’re often too focused on thinking if we’d only do this and buy that, we’d be happy, when most of us would feel blessed if we just looked around us. Since the focus is on wellbeing and happiness, you are also going to focus on your body and mind more. You’ll feel happier and healthier living in this moment.Check out the below video’s interesting take on minimalism and the advantages it has. THE STEPS TO A SUPER MINIMALISTIC LIFEIf you’d like to embark on a minimalistic lifestyle, you need to first understand the journey will not always be easy. You’ll struggle at times and you might even fall back from your minimalistic lifestyle.But don’t let minor sidesteps distract or discourage you. A minimalistic lifestyle is a journey that involves revision and rethinking.You can use the following five steps as a guide to starting out. They will help you focus on the basic principles of minimalism and define the kind of minimalistic lifestyle you’d want to achieve.Step one: Become content with what you haveThe key to starting a minimalistic lifestyle relies on the acknowledgement that you already have enough. This isn’t so much about giving up things, but the understanding you don’t need to keep acquiring things in order to feel satisfied.You should identify the things you need and which make you happy. You want to break out of the consumption cycle, which tells you that if you just bought those shoes or went to a dinner in the fancy restaurant, you’d be happier or more content. Look at the things you are wishing to have; do you need them to be happier?It’s important to learn to be content with what you already have. To find happiness in the things you already have and the actions you are able to do. By breaking the cycle of needing and wanting more, you’ll start moving towards minima lism because you understand the truly important things in life.Learning to be content with the present will help you identify the essentials and the needless things in your life. For example, you can realise you love running and it gives you happiness, even if you aren’t wearing the newest running shoes.Some inspiring insights from Mark and Kym on how to be happy with what you have. Step two: Understand what are your personal real necessitiesWhen you are content about the things you love, you can also start identifying the personal necessities. In essence, people need food, water, basic clothing, shelter and love to survive. All the other items we gather around us are an additional bonus.This doesn’t mean you need to just have the above items and get rid of everything else. It just forces you to examine the importance of things more carefully.It’s easy to overestimate the value of items or actions. We can think, for instance, that we need to be at work an hour before others ju st to get things ready. But is this a necessity? Does it provide you meaning and happiness to do so?Food could provide another example. A number of people consider meat to be a necessity, even though there’s evidence to suggest you can get the required nutrients elsewhere. Furthermore, even if you don’t want to cut down eating meat, you could consider whether it is necessary to eat it five or seven days a week? Perhaps, eating meat on two days of the week would be enough to make you content.Create a list of the things and actions that have the biggest impact on your health and wellbeing, both in your personal and business life. This will provide you clarity to start stripping off all the other unnecessary things and actions from your life.Step three: De-clutter your lifeOnce you are clear about the necessities and you have a list of the most precious things and actions to your happiness and wellbeing, you can start removing the non-meaningful items.De-cluttering your life can so und like a big thing to do and you definitely don’t want to overwhelm yourself by trying to sort out everything at once. Consider clearing your possessions one room at a time, for example. With actions, try to get rid of the most meaningless and unnecessary actions first.When you are thinking of removing an item from your life, use the following questions as a guide:When have you last used the item? Why did you use it then?Does the item make you feel stressed or happy?Does the item help you save time or use your time better?Is it expensive to maintain or store this item?The answers can help you understand whether the item has meaning or need in your life. If it causes stress, costs a lot to maintain and doesn’t serve a purpose, there’s no point in holding on to it.The above questions are helpful whether you are cleaning the house from clothes, accessories, furniture or even re-organizing your office.Once you start de-cluttering, you are likely to encounter items you find hard to let go, even if you haven’t used them or they don’t have a specific purpose. If you are afraid to let go of an item, analyze why you feel this way?Do you feel anxious because you think you might need the item?Does the item have a lot of sentimental value to you?Did you spend a lot of money acquiring the item and by throwing it away, you feel you are wasting the money?Once you understand the reason behind your need to hold on, you can find a solution to the problem. For example:Have a special box for items you think you might need. If you don’t take the specific item out in the next six months, you don’t need it and you should get rid of it.If the item has sentimental value, consider writing down a short description of the item, perhaps behind a photograph of it. You can write down the memories you have and the importance of the item. This way you can still have the memory and enjoy the item, but you won’t have it gathering dust in the attic.If throwing away an expensive item feels like wasting money, consider selling the item forward or giving it to charity. Think how you’ll be able to make someone else happy with your purchase and you won’t feel as bad.Step four: Simplify the things you doAs well as de-cluttering your life from unnecessary possessions, you should also simplify the things you do. You don’t want to lead a complicated life, with commitments you don’t find meaningful and tasks that don’t add to your happiness.Start by reducing the amount of commitments you have, both in private and business life.In work, define the most meaningful aspects of reaching your goals and objectives and focus on them. For instance, not all business meetings are necessary for achieving a goal. Whenever you are about to add a new commitment, consider whether it truly brings you closer to the end goal. Is it meaningful?The same applies to your private life. Is it worth going to the family gathering, if you always return feeling anxious and depressed? Does going out with friends to drink provide meaning to your life? Perhaps you could limit the family gatherings you go to or meet your friends without also drinking.Remember, the aim is to focus on doing things that provide you meaning and happiness, not the things society or friends expect you to do.You also need to clear your schedule from events and actions that have no meeting. Ensure your schedule has empty space for doing the things you love the most and which are the most meaningful to you.This also includes including relaxation time â€" a moment when you do absolutely nothing but gather your thoughts.Clean your to-do list by using the principle of focusing on only the essentials. For each day, pick three tasks that are essential and have high-impact on making the day a success and moving you closer to achieving a goal.Step five: Reassess your approach regularlyFinally, as mentioned above, a minimalistic lifestyle requires constant evaluation and readjustment. This isn’t even down to you necessarily failing or doing something wrong. Our lives can simply take new turns and our own passions might change from one to another.Evaluate your approach to minimalism once a year. Go through the above steps regularly to ensure you don’t lose sight of the essentials or gather too much needless possessions and actions. If you feel things have changed, simply adjust your approach and keep moving forwards.

The Effects Of Artificial Intelligence On Medical...

Over the past years, scientists have been trying to apply technology in medicine. This seems to have been successful if we consider intelligent computers, which have the ability to store huge amount of information and also assisting medical personnel in various tasks such as diagnosis [1]. Artificial intelligence in medicine has greatly revolutionized this discipline but this benefit is accompanied with certain setbacks. This paper will, therefore, reflect on the impact of using artificial intelligence to analyze medical information on patient’s privacy in an act utilitarianism manner. Despite the fact that artificial intelligence is growing in rapidly and its medical applications broadening as days pass by, computers will never surpass human brain and therefore doctors cannot be substituted with these intelligent machines [2]. However, these machines are able to perform certain tasks that human beings cannot be able to do therefore creating their necessity. For instance, intelligent computers can be able to store huge amount of data and equally provide quick retrieval [3]. It is now possible to store medical records of thousands of patients within a single file and access this information just by a click of a button; something that human brain might not accomplish. It is also becoming a common practice especially in developed countries such as the United States for doctors to use home-based supercomputers to identify those patients having postoperative infections such asShow MoreRelatedSystem For Financially Penalizing Providers That Do Not Comply With The New Req uirements954 Words   |  4 Pagescare providers and their staffs but also for patients and their family members, insurance companies, IT developers, and others. Information on these consequences was gathered from peer-reviewed publications as well other reputable academic, medical, and media sources. In examining the information, it is evident that there are both advantages and disadvantages in the changes that have already taken place, and that there are many predictions of the effects of changes that have yet to occur. In carefullyRead MoreBenefits Of Adopting Electronic Health Records1275 Words   |  6 Pagessoft benefits of adopting Electronic Health Records. In addition to the costs directly associated with the EHR, such as purchasing and licensing fees, there are also costs that may not be as easy to recognize and calculate. These costs reflect the effect of the EHR implementation upon productivity, especially the initial changes in the practice including change management, transitions in workflow, and other time constraints associated with electronic versus paper records. Also, providers and staffRead MoreTechnology And The Medical Field Essay1404 Words   |  6 Pagesbe any field devoid of the effect of computer applications ranging from education, agriculture, and security; computers play crucial roles in all sectors. According to Silva (1), the introduction of computers in the medical arena has brought about transformative effects on how medical practices are being conducted and method of provision of health care. From medical procedures, patient diagnosis and administrative tasks, computers have simplified services in the medica l field in addition to streamliningRead MoreRelationship Between Patient And Physician2225 Words   |  9 PagesCapstone 1 First Draft The relationship between patient and physician has been recognized for centuries as being vital for human sustenance. Just as any human relationship, it is constantly evolving to reflect the values of the time period. One example that can be noted is the shift of authority that has occurred within the past twenty or so years. Up until recently, physicians played a paternalistic role in the health of their patients. A patient would approach their physician, vulnerably seekingRead MoreDifference Between Artificial Intelligence And Human Intelligence1751 Words   |  8 PagesDifference between Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence In addressing the differences between AI and human intelligence, one must have a cogent and accurate definition of intelligence. By definition, there is no real difference between true AI and intelligence, as it is only intelligence that is ‘man-made’ and has the ‘ability to learn and change itself’ (Oxford, 2013). 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This trend is not new, but its success if restricted by factors such as necessary legislation and integration of systems

Externalizing Behaviors Among Children, Play Therapy, And...

Externalizing Behaviors in Children, Play Therapy, and Parental Involvement Externalizing behaviors are negative behaviors in which a person might act upon, such as aggression, impulsivity, property or personal destruction, and verbal insults (Meany-Walen, Kottman, Bullis, and Dillman Taylor, 2015). This type of behavior may typically lead to more significant underlying problem(s) in the future. According to Meany-Walen et al., (2015) children that display externalizing behaviors such as aggression, and who do not receive the proper intervention have a higher risk of experiencing problems throughout their lives. Additionally, Olson, Bates, Sandy, Lanthier (2000) state that children experiencing such behaviors are at greater risk for academic failure, rejection by peers, conflicts with family and with educators, delinquency, low educational and occupational attainment, and adult criminality. Preschool children who particularly display high levels of aggression along with social, and emotional issues are also at a higher risk for continuing this form of condu ct as well (Davenport Bourgeois, 2008). It is important to consider the familial contribution to the child’s externalizing behaviors, such as aggression. Papalia, Feldman, Martorell (2014) consider the family atmosphere as a key influence on the development of children, and the frequency of the externalizing behaviors occurring in children who derive from families with higher levels of conflict. Without interventionShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Asd )1569 Words   |  7 Pagesof anxiety among these siblings are being examined to see if characteristics of a child with autism spectrum disorder and their parents can predict anxiety. 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How to Become a Coach Essay - 2234 Words

Coaching, however challenging, is a great way to influence the lives of others while also building their character. For as long as there have been sports, there have been people teaching the sport to the players and making them better at it. Coaches must have certain qualities in order to obtain success. One must also look at a coach’s motivation for his job, his passion for what he does, his methods for coaching, and how he became a coach in order to fully understand him. There are many questions someone may want to ask a coach about his profession if they are interested in coaching. Some questions would include: Why did he choose this as a profession? How did he get into coaching? What does one have to do to get a job as a coach? How†¦show more content†¦A major league baseball player would not decide to coach professional hockey after his career, because that is not the field that he is knowledgeable in. Someone who is interested in coaching would need to choose th e sport he is most knowledgeable and has the most experience in, in order to be a good coach. Out of my personal experience, I would know most about football or baseball. My football background reaches as far back as to when I was born. With my father being a football and baseball coach, I was born into high expectations of playing both sports. I have played football from the time I was six years old. I played baseball from the time I was five years old to the time I was fifteen when I stopped playing my sophomore year. I know that those would be the two sports I am most experienced in, so those would be the two sports I would choose from in coaching. Taking the time to reflect on why it is someone coaches is beneficial for personal growth, and for creating an awareness of one’s changes in motivation, which affects behavior. Therefore, changes in motivation can be reflected in someone’s behavior and his or her well-being. Those who feel that they are coaching because they want to, will be successful, and feel that coaching allows them to acquire relationships with their players, and display more motivation for coaching. Being aware of why someone coaches their sport is an important part of reflective practice. One person’sShow MoreRelatedCoaching Track Essay1133 Words   |  5 Pageswhat it would be like to be a successful track coach and coach your protà ©gà ©s to a successful season? Through job shadowing, personal experience, and research, I have found out just how much hard work goes into coaching. Of the more than twenty million Americans who are running today, most who start do so for the wrong reasons, with the wrong attitude, and tend to lose interest after a few weeks or months. Many quit. This is usually because they become concerned with superficial goals such as timeRead MoreAs a child I grew up playing football, and I’ve always had a passion for the game. 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Objectives and Importance of Co-Operative Society free essay sample

A cooperative is not just formed to make profits; its objective is to ensure the economic welfare of its members. 2. Creating unity and solidarity: A cooperative is characterized by the strength of its unity. Therefore bringing the extorted and deprived together and encourage them work in unison is a goal of a cooperative society. 3. Awakening of working zeal: Cooperatives also helps to invoke confidence in the minds of people who have lost their will to work as they had faced constant failures in their lives. . Creating interest in saving: A cooperative encourages its members to save more. Then it accumulates these small amounts of savings from the members to raise capital. 5. Solution to capital problem: Lower middle class people cannot utilize their capabilities due to lack of capital. They are extorted by landlords and the richer class. Therefore another prime objective of a cooperative is to manage necessary resources for its members. 6. Development of efficiency: Another aim of cooperatives is to create a skilled and efficient labor force by arranging training sessions for its members. Removal of middlemen: Producers are often deprived of their rightful returns as the middlemen cheat them by unfair means. Cooperatives can be formed to deal with such problems. 8. Co-coordinating ability: Bringing together the limited skills of the lower middle class to create a large business is the target of a cooperative. The cooperative benefits from the returns from the large business and share it among them. 9. Defense against disturbance: Small producers often face various types of disturbances from different parties like extortion by certain landlords. A cooperative can be formed to deal with such problems. 10. Advantages of large scale business: A cooperative combines the small fortunes of its members into a large capital and then a big business is formed. This leads to greater production and greater yields which is enjoyed by the members. 11. Teaching of moral principles: Cooperatives not only ensure economic stability but also inserts moral principles into the members’ minds, making them stronger mentally. 12. Improvement of skill: Cooperatives play a vital role in improving the technical kills of the uneducated and the poor. They arrange for trainings so that their members can show appropriate skills in their respective fields. 13. Removal of middlemen: Small producers are deprived of certain percentage of their rightful earnings as the middlemen take advantage by cheating them. Formation of cooperatives can prevent such unfair means. 14. Removal of monopoly business: Some producers try to create a monopoly in market economy. This poses difficulty for small investors to come forward. Cooperatives unite these small investors and create an environment of competition. Thus monopolies are prevented. 5. Capital formation: Cooperatives encourage its members to save more and then combine their small savings into a large capital. This leads to greater investment and hence greater production. 16. Creation of loan facility: Small producers often face high shortages of capital. When they turn to certain landlords for loans, they are mistreated and get caught in loan traps. Cooperatives arranges for easy term loans for its members to ensure continuous and rapid production. 17. Solution to unemployment problem: Cooperatives create more job opportunities for their members. Social development: Cooperatives also plays a vital role in the development of the society. They not only foster psychological and economic development of their members but also resolve their residential problems in certain situations develop transportation, education, health and carry on family planning programs. 19. Economic development: By helping to develop the agricultural sector, small and cottage industries, etc. and hence reducing poverty in the country, cooperatives contribute to the country’s economy. Principles of cooperative society 1. Unity: ‘Unity is Strength’ is the main belief of a cooperative. Keeping the future in mind, like-minded people join together to form cooperatives in order to proper as a whole; they stay united in all types of situations. 2. Equality: A cooperative society believes in equality. No matter what their place is in the society or how well they are positioned economically, the members are given equal respect. 3. Cooperation: The members of a cooperative cooperate to ensure efficient output. They work as a team to get rid of their mutual shortcomings. 4. Honesty: A cooperative operates in an honest manner. Dishonesty may lead to suspicion in the minds of the members, which may cause them to lose interest. 5. Trust and confidence: The members of a cooperative trust and have confidence in each other’s ability. Greater the trust, more interest will be generated among the members. 6. Service: The members possess the mindset to help others as much as possible whenever the need occurs. 7. Democracy: There is democracy in the selection of the management committee and also while major decisions are taken. 8. Proximity: The members are usually likeminded ones. If it is not so, too many different opinions will hamper the progress of the cooperative. 9. Distribution of profit: Since cooperatives are not profit-motive organizations, all the profit is not distributed among the members. 20 percent profit is retained back for future investment. 10. Equal right of votes: One member is entitled to one vote when electing the management committee or when major decisions are made, irrespective of the amount of share he/she holds. 11. Voluntary association: Members can withdraw their membership anytime and upon approval of the management committee can handover his/her share to someone else. Means of removing the problems of cooperative organization in Bangladesh 1. Adoption of realistic plan: There is need for a plan on how the cooperatives in Bangladesh should operate in a realistic manner. Amount of contribution from national, central and primary level cooperatives should be determined so that they can operate in specialized manner. 2. Strengthening of training program: Both the government and the NGOs should come forward and arrange more training programs. 3. Widespread publicity: The idea of forming cooperatives should be advertised in a large scale. Virtuous and successful cooperatives should be highlighted so that the general public can be inspired by them. 4. Inclusion of co-operative subject in the syllabus: To establish the importance of cooperatives, it should be included as a subject at the primary and intermediate levels and if possible at the under graduate level as well. This will encourage students to think about forming cooperatives in the future. 5. Increasing publications on co-operatives: To spread information about cooperatives, more books about cooperatives should be published and it should appear in the columns of newspapers and magazines. Giving incentives to executives: It should be understood that no one will work for free for long. Therefore the executives should be given incentives to encourage them to work enthusiastically and efficiently. 7. Removal of corruption and nepotism: To remove corruption, modern management system should be in place. 8. Effective coordination: A cooperative is run under certain rules set by the government. These rules should be restructured so that it aids the cooperative’s operation and not hamper it. Also there should be a certain degree of coordination among national, central and primary level cooperatives. 9. Development of cooperative department: The ‘cooperative’ department of the government should be restructured by appointing pro-cooperative people in important positions. 10. Increase of government cooperation: Money spent by the government in aid of the cooperative revolution is almost negligible compared to its other spending. Both financial and non-financial support from the government should be increased.

Jose Rizal, My Last Farewell Explanation Essay Example

Jose Rizal, My Last Farewell Explanation Paper My Last Farewell by Jose Rizal Mi ultimo adios (Spanish  for My Last Farewell) is a  poem  written by  Philippine  national hero Dr  Jose Rizal  on the eve of his  execution on 30 December 1896. This poem was one of the last notes he wrote before his death; another that he had written was found in his shoe but because the text was illegible, its contents remain a mystery. Title Rizal did not ascribe a title to his poem. Mariano Ponce, his friend and fellow reformist, titled it  Mi Ultimo Pensamiento  (My Last Thought) in the copies he distributed, but this did not catch on. On the afternoon of Dec. 29, 1896, a day before his execution, Dr. Jose Rizal was visited by his mother, Teodora Alonzo, sisters Lucia, Josefa, Trinidad, Maria and Narcisa, and two nephews. When they took their leave, Rizal told Trinidad in English that there was something in the small alcohol stove (cocinilla), not alcohol lamp (lamparilla). The stove was given to Narcisa by the guard when the party was about to board their carriage in the courtyard. At home, the Rizal ladies recovered from the stove a folded paper. On it was written an unsigned, untitled and undated poem of 14 five-line stanzas. The Rizals reproduced copies of the poem and sent them to Rizals friends in the country and abroad. We will write a custom essay sample on Jose Rizal, My Last Farewell Explanation specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Jose Rizal, My Last Farewell Explanation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Jose Rizal, My Last Farewell Explanation specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In 1897, Mariano Ponce in Hong Kong had the poem printed with the title Mi Ultimo Pensamiento. Fr. Mariano Dacanay, who received a copy of the poem while a prisoner in Bilibid (jail), published it in the first issue of  La Independencia  on Sept. 25, 1898 with the title Ultimo Adios.   [1] The stove was not delivered until after the execution as Rizal needed it to light the room. This 14-stanza poem of Jose Rizal talks about his â€Å"Goodbyes† to his dear Fatherland where his love is dedicated to. He wrote it on the evening before his execution. Farewell, dear Fatherland, clime of the sun caressd Pearl of the Orient seas, our Eden lost! Gladly now I go to give thee this faded lifes best, And were it brighter, fresher, or more blest Still would I give it thee, nor count the cost. On the field of battle, mid the frenzy of fight, Others have given their lives, without doubt or heed; The place matters not-cypress or laurel or lily white, Scaffold or open plain, combat or m artyrdoms plight, T is ever the same, to serve our home and countrys need. Interpretation The first stanza speaks about Rizal’s beautiful description of his Fatherland. He used the biblical Eden to describe the Pre-Hispanic Philippines which is an imaginary time of purity and innocence. He adores the beautiful country that he and others are fighting for. He said that he is glad to give his life to Filipinas even though his life was brighter, fresher, or more blest than it is  now  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ pertaining to the time when he wrote the poem. The second stanza speaks about the men who gave their life to his beloved country. Rizal said that their dedication and patriotism to the country is without second thoughts. It doesn’t matter how one struggles, that all struggles, all deaths, are worth it if it is for the good of the country. The third stanza speaks about Rizal’s love of liberty. The image of dawn that Rizal used in the first line signifies the liberation that he adores. In the third and fourth line, he says that if the colour of liberation lacks his blood, he must die for the country to attain freedom. The fourth stanza presents the flashback of Rizal’s love for the patria that started when he was young. He was young when he saw the martyrdom of the GOMBURZA and promised that he would dedicate himself to avenge one day for those victims. His dreams were to see his country in eminent liberation, free from sorrow and grief. The fifth stanza repeats Rizal’s dream of complete liberation. All Hail! † signifies that he is positively welcoming the dawn of freedom after his death. He also repeats what he has said in the third stanza that it is his desire to dedicate his life to the Patria. The sixth stanza describes the image of Rizal’s grave being forgotten someday. The grassy sod may represent the country’s development, the growth of liberty, and that with the redemption of the country, he becomes forgotten. Rizal does not say here that he wants monuments, streets, or schools in his name, just a fond kiss and a warm breath so he could feel he is not forgotten. In the seventh stanza, Rizal says he wants to see or feel the moon, dawn, wind, and a bird over his grave. The moon’s beam may represent a night without its gloom like a country without its oppressors. The imagery of dawn has been repeated here and its radiant flashes represent the shining light of redemption that sheds over his honour. Only the wind will lament over his grave. The bird does not lament him but sings of peace, the peace that comes with liberation and the peace with which he rests below. In the eighth stanza, the metaphor of the sun drawing the vapors up to the sky signifies that the earth is being cleansed by the sun like taking away the sorrows and tears that has shed including his last cry. Line 3 reminds us to remember why he died – for the redemption of the country. And he wants to hear a prayer in the still evening – evening because he may also want to see a beam of light from the moon which he stated in the stanza 7, and that it is before the  dawn. Prayers he stated that will make him rest in peace in God’s hands. Rizal said in the ninth stanza that he also wants his fellowmen to also pray for others who also have died and suffered for the country. Also pray for the mothers, the orphans and widows, and the captives who also have cried and have tortured, and again, for his soul to rest in peace. The tenth stanza says that Rizal’s tomb is on the graveyard with the other dead people. Rizal says that in the night, he does not want to be disturbed in his rest along with the others and the mystery the graveyard contains. And whenever we hear a sad song emanating from the grave, it is he who sings for his fatherland. In the eleventh stanza, Rizal says a request that his ashes be spread by the plough before it will no longer take significance. His ashes represent his thoughts, words, and philosophy making it his intellectual remains. The symbolic ashes should be spread all over Filipinas to fertilize the new free country long after he is forgotten. The twelfth stanza again speaks about being forgotten but Rizal does not care about it anymore. Oblivion does not matter for he would travel far and wide over his beloved fatherland. He keeps his faith with him as he sings his hymn for the nation. Rizal says goodbye to his adored Fatherland in the thirteenth stanza. He gives goodbye to his parents, friends, and the small children. He gives everything to Filipinas. Now, he satisfies his death by saying he will be going to a place where there is peace – no slaves, no oppressors, no killed faith. He is going to a place where God rules over – not the tyrants. Finally, in the last stanza, Rizal cries his farewell to all his fellowmen – his childhood friends, and his sweet friend that lightened his way. In the last line, he repeats that â€Å"In Death there is rest! † which means that he, being ready to be executed, is happy to die in peace.

Better writing for nurse managers - Emphasis

Better writing for nurse managers Better writing for nurse managers When most people think of Leonardo da Vinci, they think of him as the artist who painted The Mona Lisa and The Last Supper. But da Vinci was also an inventor, an architect, a musician and an engineer. To be successful as a nurse manager, you need to adopt da Vincis Renaissance approach. Aside from your main leadership role, you also need to be a resource allocator, go-between, disturbance handler and innovator. Unfortunately, there is no definitive manual for managing these roles. And being in charge of people, policy and paperwork can sometimes be a case of trial and error. But honing your written communication skills can go a surprisingly long way to making things run more smoothly. For example, it can help you persuade people to see your point of view, clarify complex issues, or simply write instructions that people actually read and follow. Here are seven ways to turn writing into a powerful health-management tool. One Listen carefully to your team to ensure you fully understand their problems and issues. Then brainstorm your response using the headings who?, what?, where?, when?, and why? before you write it. This will help you clarify your main message so that your writing is clear and concise. Be sure to look at all your options and dont just choose the first one that comes to mind. Two If you foresee that an issue will be challenged or youll be questioned for more information, prepare a detailed explanation. Use the Four Ps technique, which stands for: position (where they are now), problem (why they cant stay there), possibilities (where they could go) and proposal (where they should go). Three Avoid playing office politics and dont mislead the reader in any way. Use jargon only if youre certain your readers will understand it. And use the active voice to make your writing more specific. For instance: we are implementing a new shift system is more effective than a new shift system will be implemented. Four Widen the reader audience when necessary, to make sure you address all problems and everyone understands the context. Email is often a good vehicle for this. But beware of copying too many people in on mass emails. And avoid heresay or writing as if youre chatting on the phone: email is a permanent medium covered by the law of libel, so you should write only what you dont mind being broadcast on the 10 oclock news. Five Enlist the help of other departmental services (such as legal and human resources) to review your writing when appropriate. Make sure you write only things you believe in, and that youre willing to be accountable for. Six Ensure facts and figures are as accurate as possible. Even it takes 24 hours to obtain figures you dont have, its worth spending the extra time to ensure you build a reputation for accuracy. (Dont let waiting for the fact hold up the writing process though: just put [To come] in the text and come back to that bit once you have the details.) Seven Finally, coach your staff to become better writers, so that your time as a manager is spent effectively. Theres a host of free online writing resources at emphbootstrap.wpengine.com to help you. If you decide to traing your staff, see our courses for individuals or our courses for groups. Alternatively, send us a message or call one of our friendly advisors on +44 (0)1273 961 810 Good writing may not always come easily at first. But with practice, it can become second nature. And once it does, it may well be the glue that holds your da Vinci set of roles together. Robert Ashton is the Chief Executive of Emphasis.

Australian Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Australian Law - Essay Example â€Å"Decisions of the High Court are binding on all other courts throughout Australia† (High Court of Australia 2010: The High Court of Australia is the uppermost Court in the judicial system of Australia, the Court of "last resort", in the judicial system of final appeal. It has its origins in the Australian Constitution, Section 71 of which affirms: â€Å"The judicial power of the Commonwealth shall be vested in a Federal Supreme Court, to be called the High Court of Australia, and in such other federal courts as Parliament creates, and in such other courts as it invests with federal jurisdiction† (The High Court of Australia n.d: 1). The High Court shall comprise a Chief Justice and also a lot of other Judges, not below two, as the Parliament has laid down. The fundamental functions of the High Court are to construe and support the Constitution, to construe Federal law and to attend to cases referred from other Courts. Therefore, it is the purpose of this essay to d iscuss why a decision of the High Court on the constitutionality of a Statute will be seen by the Government as a further serious setback to its legislative reform plan than a judgment by a Judge of a State Supreme Court in understanding the meaning of an important provision in the statute, in a way contrary to the Government’s goal.... of this essay to discuss why a decision of the High Court on the constitutionality of a Statute will be seen by the Government as a further serious setback to its legislative reform plan than a judgment by a Judge of a State Supreme Court in understanding the meaning of an important provision in the statute, in a way contrary to the Government’s goal. The Australian Constitution states that the power to create laws is vested in the Parliament. At the same time, the power to understand laws and to judge whether they are relevant in individual cases is vested in the High Court and other Central Courts. Actually, one of the important functions of the High Court is to interpret the Constitution. For instance, the Australian High Court can rule a law to be illegal which is beyond the authority of Parliament to enact and so of no effect. Such a condition would be seen by the Government as an obstruction. The Australian Constitution founds the Federal Government by providing for the Parliament, the Judiciary and the Executive, that is identified as the three pillars of governance or as the policy of â€Å"separation of powers† (Clark 2009: 972). Parliamentary Government means that the Executive Government comes from in the Parliament. Accountable Government means that the Executive Government is accountable to the Parliament. The rule of â€Å"separation of powers† is to prevent an oppressive government. The â€Å"three branches of government† constituted by the Legislature, Judiciary and Executive, work as checks and balances on each other (About Parliament. n.d:1). The Judiciary is â€Å"independent† of the other two arms of Government (1). That independence is one of the main critical safeguards of the democratic system of the country. The Executive is the managerial part of

Dissertation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Dissertation - Essay Example In terms of age, the most significant portion of respondents was in the 26-35 year age bracket, with 41.3% of respondents. 40.2% of respondents were in the 36-45 year age brackets. High school respondents totaled 58.2% of respondents. 64% of the respondents were currently employed. Internet usage and online shopping Many respondents had Internet experience. 29.6% had more than ten years Internet experience using the internet more than ten years. Those who had experience with online shopping more than once a month reached to 42.9%. Online shopping experience 77% of respondents indicated that they faced no difficulty using the internet. To what extent is the use of the Internet risky 51.9% of respondents thought that the internet is sometimes is risky. 39.7% that argued that the internet is not risky at all. Tesco and Asda direct Respondents who have full experience in Tesco (37.8%) direct were more than those with experience with Asda's (28.1%). The rest of the customers did not have experience with either. Factors that affect customer confidence toward online shopping Factors that affect consumer confidence towards online shopping was limited to seven categories: the impact of demographic factors on consumer confidence, product, price, promotion, distribution and customer service, the impact of technological issues and finally the impact of social issues on customer confidence. ... In general the researcher found that Asda has overtaken Tesco in achieving customer trust. For example: The table above illustrates that Asda provide high readability of accessing details. Around 60 of respondents voted for Asda in readability of information, whereas only 55 of respondents voted for Tesco. 3- Price Respondents gave an equal percentage to Asda and Tesco when asked about who provided the lowest price product. However, a later question had Asda as the high percentage at 73.1%. The researcher designed two similar questions in different styles to reduce sensitivity when answering question. Low price and club card The majority of respondents indicated that low prices are more important to confidence than the club card. 3- Promotion Promotion was considered in relation to the extent it was a nuisance to the consumer. Mobile as an annoying tool came in at the top with 56.2% for Asda and 55.6% for Tesco. Email was the next most annoying tool, accounting for 28.1% with Asda an d 26.1% with Tesco. Finally, the post is the least annoying with Asda and Tesco both at 25%. 4- Delivery and customer service The majority of respondents found the request of payment and delivery information easy. 53% of Asda's customers support the point whereas 15.9% reject it. 49% of Tesco respondents support the point and 12.6% rejected it. The respondents were asked about several factors in delivery service that affect their behavior and confidence toward online shopping. Tesco offers more different method of delivery according to respondents. Asda comes in the top in Charge of delivery. The cost of delivery, as well as the correct and efficient arrival of the product was strongest with Asda. Customer Service As

The Defining Of Corruption In Governments Politics Essay

The Defining Of Corruption In Governments Politics Essay Corruption as a word is derived from the Latin word corruptus meaning to break up. The use of the word emphasizes the destructive effect of corruption on the fabric of society and the situations where agents and public officers break the confidence entrusted in them Nicholls, Daniel, Polaine, Hatchard, (2006). Johnston, (2005) quoting the works of Nye, (1967); Heidenheinmer, (1970); Scott, (1972); Thompson, (1993); Thompson, (1995); Johnston, (1996); Philip, (1997); and Philip, (2002), stated that definitional issues of corruption is a matter of long-running debate and therefore it is always difficult to settle for any specific definition. He states that the decisive role of the state is reflected in most definitions of corruption, and therefore agrees that corruption is conventionally understood, and referred to, as the private wealth seeking behaviour of someone who represents the state and the public authority. It is the misuse of public resources by public officials, for private gains. The working definition used by the World Bank, Transparency International and others is that corruption is the abuse of public power for private benefit (or profit). Another widely used description is that corruption is a transaction between private and public sector actors through which collective goods are illegitimately converted into private-regarding payoffs (Heidenheimer et al. 1989:6). This point is also emphasized by Rose-Ackerman, who says corruption exists at the interface of the public and private sectors (Rose-Ackerman 1978). In Colin Nyes classical definition, corruption is behaviour that deviates from the formal duties of a public role (elective or appointive) because of private-regarding (personal, close family, private clique) wealth or status gains(Nye 1967:416). Samuel Huntington noted that where political opportunities are scarce, corruption occurs as people use wealth to buy power, and where economic opportunities are few, corruption occurs when political power is used to pursue wealth (Huntington 1968). Huntington (1968), Myrdal (1968) and Scott (1969), believes that corruption is most prevalent during the most intense phase of modernization of a country and tends to decline with institutionalization of advanced democracy (see also Pavarala, 1996). It is however argued that this view cannot explain the prevalence of corruption in advanced industrial democracies because there is now increasing evidence of political corruption and systematic influence peddling in the US and UK (Amick, 1976; Drewry, 1977; Pinto-Duschinsky, 1977; Benson, 1978; Ashworth, 1981; Johnston, 1982; Doig, 1984; Etzioni, 1984). For the purpose of this dissertation, corruption will be defined as the use of public office for private gain provided by Rose-Ackerman (1975, 1978), Becker and Stigler (1974), Klitgaard (1988, 1991), Shleifer and Vishny (1993), Myint, U, 2000; Johnson D.T Zimring F.E, 2005) and Transparency International. This in other words, involves the use of official position, rank or status by an office bearer for his personal benefit. 2.3. Forms of Corruption: There are different forms of corruption, Pedersen and Johannsen (2008); classification by typology, Roebuck and Barker (1974); Heidenheimer, (1989); Alemann (1995); Punch (200); Tserndoodov (2001); and Miller (2003). According to Shah, (2008) corruption is not manifested in one single form. Some scholars group corruption as grand corruption, petty corruption, sporadic corruption, systemic corruption or active and passive corruption base on the stages and magnitude of the malaise, while some like Robinson (2004 p.3) categorized corruption into three main forms: incidental (individual), institutional (for example, the police service) and systemic (societal). However, irrespective of the classification or level of the phenomenon, Vargas-Hernandez (2009), like many other scholars, believe that corruption can be in form of any of the following: bribery, collusion, embezzlement of public funds and theft, fraud, extortion, abuse of discretion, favouritism, clientelism, nepotism, and others. This can be presented in a pictorial form as shown in figure (1) below. Bribery Cronyism Embezzlement Extortion Forms of Corruption Nepotism Conflict of Interest Favouritism Fraud Figure 1. Forms of Corruption In various forms listed in figure (1) above, corrupt activities such as fraud and embezzlement can be undertaken by an official alone and without involvement of a second party. While others such as bribery, extortion and influence peddling involve two parties. There must be a giver and taker in a corrupt deal. The two party type of corruption can arise under a variety of circumstances either in public or private official function. 2.3.1 Bribery: Bribery is defined as the payment for a corrupt act (Zimring Johnson, 2005). A bribery corrupt act is always perpetuated by two or more individuals. Bribery requires collusion between a private citizen and a public employee (Morris, 1991). Albrecht, Albrecht, Albrecht Zimbelman (2009) says bribery involves the offering, giving, receiving, or soliciting of anything of value to influence and official act. According to Myint, (2000), bribes as one of several two party corrupt act offence, involves amongst others, government contracts to determine who gets what contract and the terms of the contract; government benefits like subsidies for importation, permits for explorations and purchase of privatized government corporations; reduction in taxable fees like import duties, custom duties, utility fees, electricity fees and income taxes for both business and private individuals, thus reducing government revenue (See also Rose-Ackerman 2005). It is also argued that bribery c an speed up the wheels of bureaucracy more smoothly and speedily (Myint, 2000); as well as influence the outcome of a legal and regulatory process. A legal definition can be found in (Nicholls, Daniel, Polaine Hatchard, 2006 p. 18). While some theorists like Leff (1964), Leys (1965), Huntington (1968) and Mendez Sepulveda (2006), see bribery under the greasing the wheels hypothesis as payment that is beneficial in alleviating the distortions caused by ill-functioning institutions and thus reducing cost associated with queues (Lui, 1985) (see also Rose-Ackerman 2005, pp. 15-16), it has been established that bribery constitute not only a threat to some countries, but a threat to the future of global security. Osborne (1997) argues that bribery undermines governments by reducing income from taxes, duties, and fees, while increasing the cost of service delivery. He posited that bribery destroys competition and thus companies that bribe their way to a contract or waiver for exploration, loads their prices to cover for the bribes. This creates a spiralling effect that distorts government policies as a result of the personal gain to be derived, subvert company cultures, destabilizes society due to resource diversion, low productivity and making controls ineffective and invariably constituting a threat to global security as a result of drug trafficking, organised crime and terrorism. The most widely quoted bribery statistic is the World Banks worldwide estimate of $1 trillion per year with the total cost of corruption estimated at more than 5% of global GDP (US $2.6 trillion), Cleveland, Favo, Frecka Owens (2010) and the economic effects and ethicality of bribery have been discussed by literally hundreds of sources including Dalton (2006), Gray and Kaufmann (1988), Nichols (1999), and Shaw (2000). 2.3.2. Fraud: Another common corrupt practice is fraud. Fraud is an act of misrepresentation or deception by way of charging for goods or services that was never delivered, changing the specifications or timing on goods and services and their expiration dates, and concealment of funds paid as fees or custom duties. Customs fraud for instance can be the under or over valuation of the value of goods or misclassification and underpayment of taxes. Fraud is the use of misleading information to induce someone to turn over the property voluntarily. According to Albrecht et al (2009 p 7), fraud is a generic term, and embraces all multifarious means which human ingenuity can devise, which are resorted to by one individual, to get an advantage over another by false representationincludes surprise, trickery, cunning and unfair ways by which another is cheated. Fraud is mostly expressed in the form of the Fraud Triangle depicting the three elements of pressure, opportunity and rationalization ( Albrecht, Wernz Williams, 1995). In the public sector therefore, bureaucrats and their private collaborators tend to defraud the public by way of contract inflation, white elephant projects, and poor quality service delivery. In the private sector, fraud is classified variously as employee fraud, vendor fraud, customer fraud, management fraud, investment scams and others (Albrecht et al, 2009). However, the focus of this research is on public sector fraud. 2.3.3. Embezzlement and Theft: These are the form of corruption that is characterized by the taking or conversion of funds, assets or other valuables for private gain. These forms of corruption involve the abuse of public trust on the asset entrusted to the individual. According to Green (2002 p. 99), embezzlement is a crime of specific intent in which a person fraudulently misappropriates or misapplies something that has been legally entrusted to that person but which he or she does not own, thereby usurping the legal owners control For instance, an official can collide with a contractor who is engaged to perform some service and embezzle some of the fund meant for the contract and encourage the contractor to provide a substandard service to be able to recoup the original cost of the contract. Embezzlement therefore is the misappropriation of funds legally entrusted to an official in their formal position as an agent, guardian or trustee. According to Albrecht et al, (2009) embezzle ment is a common type of occupational fraud in both private and public sectors. They posit that employees (or officials) can steal cash, supplies and other assets or establish dummy companies or vendors to pay for goods and services that are not actually delivered. It is however argued (Green, 2002) that determining exactly what constitute embezzlement is sometimes difficult due to legal interpretations of the difference between embezzlement and offense of criminal conversion. 2.3.4. Conflict of Interest: Conflict of interest occurs when an employee (public official) has an undisclosed economic or personal interest in a transaction that will be undertaken by his/her organization. According to Albrecht et al, (2009), conflict of interest involves the exertion of influence by the employee at the detriment of the organization for personal gain or to benefit a friend or relative even though he/she may not received a financial benefit from the act. The conundrum to the conflict of interest is a situation where a public official may have to decline engaging competent and qualified person/organization for the supply of goods or services simple because he/she has a vested economic interest in the supplying organization. However, Albrecht et al, posits that to be classified as a conflict of interest, scheme, the officials interest in the transaction must be undisclosed, and thus the organization is not aware of his/her divided loyalty. 2.3.5. Cronyism: It refers to favorable treatment of friends and associates in the distribution of resources and positions without regard to their objective qualifications and professionalism. 2.3.6. Favoritism: Generally, favouritism, nepotism and clientelism involve abuses of discretion. Such abuses, however, are governed not by the self-interest of an official but the interests of someone linked to him or her through membership of a family, political party, tribe, religious or other group. If an individual bribes an official to hire him or her, the official acts in self-interest. If a corrupt official hires a relative, he or she acts in exchange for the less tangible benefit of advancing the interests of family or the specific relative involved (nepotism). The favouring of, or discriminating against, individuals can be based on a wide range of group characteristics: race, religion, geographical factors, political or other affiliation, as well as personal or organizational relationships, such as friendship or membership of clubs or associations. Favoritism takes place when one favors or prefers acquaintances, friends and family over strangers. It becomes corruption when public (and private sector) officials unfairly distribute positions and resources to colleagues. 2.3.7. Nepotism: Nepotism is used to indicate a form of favoritism that involves family relationships. It describes situations in which a person exploits his or her power and authority to procure jobs or other favors for relatives 2.3.8. Extortion: It is the illegal demand or receipt of property or money through the use of force or threat. According to Morris (1991), extortion in contrast to bribery, is a is a situation where the public official influences the behavior of a citizen through the use of negative sanctions as a threat further to abuse authority to induce cooperation. This is also widely referred to as graft. 2.4. Historical Context of corruption in Nigeria and Britain 2.4.1. Nigeria A comparative perspective on corruption provides insight about the role of this peculiar form of crime in various cultures and stages of development (Johnson D.T. Zimring F.E, 2007). The global perception of Nigeria on corruption should therefore be seen in its proper historical context by undertaking a comparative review of the historical evolution of the country and the colonial legacy (Olaleye-Oruene, 2007). Olaleye-Oruene argues that an examination of the Nigerian traditional business ethos prior to contact with Europeans, especially the British, indicates that corruption is not a cultural norm of the Nigerian people pre-colonial. In the Nigerian culture, an inducement by one party for the purpose of gaining an advantage over a competitor would be paramount to an insult and indeed an effrontery to the party awarding the contract. However, there is little documentation on African and Nigerian commercial and administrative transactions before the advent of colonialism to support t his believe. It is therefore on this note that the considered base for any empirical write-up on corruption in Nigeria can only be done from the colonial era. In the 1700 1800s, corruption especially political corruption (Willis 2002, p.151) was seen as a major problem in Britain only partly addressed by electoral reforms in the 19th century and thus during the Balkanization of the African continent that took place in Berlin in 1884-1885, the British which took control of the Northern and Southern Nigeria, imported its legal system, education and economic culture (Olaleye-Oruene, 2007). According to Olaleye-Oruene, European values endorses corruption in view of the commonality and political and corporate corruption found in many countries both eastern and western, with Germany, Britain, Italy, France, Belgium and the Netherlands in the West and therefore the sub-culture of corruption is seen as the acceptable face of capitalism and any form of commercial transactions with the West, notably with multinationals at the time. Foreign-sponsored bribery tends to be held by many observers in developing countries as the most significant contribut ing factor to corruption (Andvig Fjeldstad, 2000). To many commentators like Bloom, (2010) Western companies constitute the main culprits of the corruption syndrome in most developing countries. Quoting Transparency International, he said that the most corrupt industries are arms, construction and oil, and many western companies are helping to line peoples pockets illegally by selling wrong equipment, and dams and roads are built in the wrong place for no better reason other than the politicians can get their kick backs. See also Tanzi, Davoodi, (1997); Hunt and Laszlo, (2005); and Svensson, (2003). This is the situation Nigeria found itself when the country was amalgamated between the south and the north in 1914. In attempting to tackle the menace of the scourge as been treated in Britain in the earlier 18th century, the then British Colonial Administration promulgated the Nigerian Criminal Code in 1916, Ch. XII, with sections 98 and 116 dealing with corruption. The Code made it an offence corruptly to give or receive any gift or other advantage as an inducement to influence the conduct of any . . . officer or servant of any public body as defined in the code. It is punishable with a maximum of 14 years imprisonment and/or fine (Olaleye-Oruene, T. 2007, p.232). However, fitting as the buck shifting may be, the Nigerian perpetrators of corruption or pen-robbers (as they are euphemistically known) have superseded the Europeans in the art of corruption by making it the lifestyle of the body politic. Corruption is no longer confined to government contracts where the perpetrators share the loot of the graft, but percolates to every nook and cranny of the civil service and local government, political hierarchy, both civil and military, and even the church. It is widely noted that the judiciary is tainted by trials settled with bribes . . . universities are tarnished by the trade in diplomas (also bribery as means of gaining entry into universities) . . . the nobility has been mocked by the sale of chieftaincy titles . . . In other words, the majority of public officials are expected to be bribed for performing the duty which constitutes the terms of contract of their employment. For instance, messengers are regarded as powerful because they contr ol the movement of files and could bury the files if anyone fails to bribe them (Olaleye-Oruene, 2007 p.234). According to BBCs Caroline Duffield in Lagos, extortion of civilians and bribery of police is a fact of life in Nigeria often taking place in public and in broad daylight (http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-11001624) and the former Chairman of the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission, Nuhu Ribadu while speaking with the US Congress Financial Services Committee in May 2009, state that Nigeria have lost about $440 billion to corruption since independence in 1960. The question therefore is where did Nigeria get it wrong? Can the country continue to blame the British Colonialist considering that Britain has shed off its corruption tag of the 19th century? Several reasons have been adduced for this state of affairs such as prolonged military dictatorship; lack of political will to tackle corruption; lack of national plan; and the cultural tolerance of corruption and corrupt leadership and the absence of enforcement of the law against corruption. Corruption in public life in Nigeria manifested itself in the 1950s to 1960s with the first penal inquiry on the African Continental Bank (ACB) and Nnamdi Azikiwe affairs with a Justice Strafford Forster-Sutton commission in 1957; the Justice G.B. Coker Commission in 1962 to look into the activities of the then Western region government led by Chief Awolowo and the National Investment and Property company. However, it is widely believed that the malaise started to become a public way of life during the military regimes of General Gown, (Ministry of Defence cement importation scandal), General Obasanjo, (Missing N2.8 Billion from the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation) and the subsequent pr omulgation of Decree No.11 of 1976 (Public officers Protection Against False Accusation) seen as the arming of corrupt government officials with immunity and a carte blanche to be above the law (Nwaobi, G.C. 2004). From the Military administration of Gen. Obasanjo in 1976 to President Obasanjo in 1999, there have been many looting of the Nigerian Commonwealth by its leaders and their cronies and such funds deposited in foreign bank accounts that may or may not ever be recovered again. The corruption activities of the Shagari civilian regime and the dictatorial military regimes of Buhari, Babangida, Abacha and even Abdulsalam are well documented in Nigeria (Nwaobi, 2004). The subject of this dissertation will not permit a detail review of the corruption cases in these regimes; however, a table highlighting some of the looted funds is attached as appendix 1. 2.4.2. Great Britain. Concern about corruption is as old as the history of government. In 350 BCE, Aristotle suggested in The Politics, To protect the treasury from being defrauded, let all money be issued openly in front of the whole city, and let copies of the accounts be deposited in various wards. The UK has widely been seen as the model of the non-corrupt industrial democracy (Adonis, 1997). However, a look into the UK history in the last few centuries will portray a society once rife with all forms of corruption. Willis (2002, p.151) quoting Lever 1971 and Denning 1981, stated that the court of King James I of England was once described in the following terms: this is a tale of extravagance, waste, corruption and vice unprecedented sums of money were squandered Titles and government offices were bought and sold. Through Monopolies, tax-farming and appropriation of public land for private purposes the entire national economy was fleeced by parasitic rulers and their cronies Also quoting Williams (1960), Willis said that corruption was the major avenue of securing election to parliament, forming government and staying in government. Therefore buying a seat in parliament out of your own resources was almost the only mode by which parliament was accessible with honour to those who had no family connection or local patron. The Anti-Bribery Act (Last Determination Act 1729, 2 Geo II c 24) called an Act for the more effectual preventing bribery and corruption in election of members to serve in Parliament; The Place Act 1742 (15 Geo II c 22); and Burkes Place Act 1782 (22 Geo III c 45) were some of the early measures taken between the century 1729 to 1832 to curb bribery and corruption in the British political and administrative system. In Britain, the practice of corruption was so rampant in the late 19th century as to necessitate the enactment of a private members bill, the Public Bodies Corrupt Practices Act 1889, in order to implement the recommendation made in 1888 in an interim report by the Royal Commission which investigated various malpractices by the Metropolitan Board of Works. In the decade either side of the First World War a succession of corruption scandals seriously clouded the government of Prime Minister David Lloyd George (Adonis, 1997) In the last half century however, Britain invariably scores highly in indices on integrity in public life despite evidence of underlying and persistent corruption (Doig, 1984, 1995, 1996) as quoted in Doig, (2004). Evidence of bribery and the misuse of public office for partisan or personal benefit has invariably been treated as episodic and personalized. When identified, such as the Poulson scandal of the 1970s; the cash -for- question scandals in the House of Commons in the 1990s; the corruption at the local government council levels like the Lambeth borough council in 1993 and the recent Expenses scandals involving MPs in 2009, cases have been subject to investigations that have dealt with the offenders while confirming the general integrity of institutions and the robustness of the procedures involved in dealing with the offences. At the same time, British political and administrative life has pragmatically so ordered its affairs that the need for corruption has been widely minim ized. Thus members of the executive and senior civil servants are unlikely even to be offered, let alone accept, bribes from government contractors while in office and from the latter half of the nineteenth, into the early twentieth century, political and administrative leaderships were able to introduce measures that precluded membership of Parliament as a means of personal profit in return for government support; required verbal disclosure of financial interests; curbed payments for honours; disengaged MPs and ministers from the spoils and patronage systems that dominated traditional politics; introduced constraints on civil servants moving to the private sector; outlawed voter bribery, and introduced anticorruption legislation for both public and private sectors (Doig, 2003). While it should be remembered that corruption and misconduct did not necessarily disappear during this period, allegations invariably provoked some form of official inquiry that was often used as a vehicle f or some general statement of the principles of conduct. It is therefore not surprising that Britain is rated highly above Nigeria in the Transparency Internationals corruption perception index. 2.5. Theoretical Empirical Works on Corruption: Corruption generally has attracted a great deal of attention in both academic and non-academic circles as reflected through an increased number of studies devoted to the topics. There is a growing body of theoretical and empirical studies within the economics literature examining the factors contributing to corruption and corruptibility within the public service. This will be looked into as below: 2.5.1. Theories on Corruption: Existing theories fail to differentiate various forms of corruption. Morris, (1991 p. 10), states that most theoretical arguments posit a major causal agent as producing corruption; non really specifies what type of corruption may result or what specific factors may relate to different corrupt acts This could be as a result of the difficult nature of defining what really constitute corruption. According to deGraaf (2007), most definitions of corruption are focused on social constructivism and thus it is based on what is considered as corruption at a certain place and at a particular time. In his studies of corruption in the Western countries, he theorized six causes of corruption which will also be considered below: Principal Agent Theory: One of the standard frameworks used in the theoretical analysis of corruption is the principal-agent model. A principal can be a person or an organization, in the case of this research, a government. The model holds that on behalf of the principal, the agent interacts with a client and thus may commit corruption if in his analysis, the benefits outweighs the costs. Using this model researchers like (Bardhan, 1997; Klitgaard, 1988; Rose-Ackerman, 1978) have investigated the trade-offs between the expected costs and benefits of corrupt acts. The reasons for the considered economic benefit may include such as lower wages (Becker and Stigler, 1974; Chand and Moene, 1999; Mookherjee and Png, 1995), social welfare (Becker and Stigler, 1974; Khalil and Lawarree, 1995; Mookherjee and Png, 1995) and greed (de Graaf, 2007). The Principal-Agent theory considers corruption at the micro-model and the agent makes his/her decisions based on a benefit versus costs and thus i f the agent chooses not to be corrupt, they receive a payoff that is the sum of their regular pay plus the moral satisfaction of not being a corrupt. According to Klitgaard as quoted by Chan (2000), the cost depends on his/her own ethical, cultural and religious standards; influence of peers and colleagues; the size and magnitude of the bribe and responsibilities to the principal. Economic Rent and corruption equation: All economic agents are maximizing their individual utility that is personal welfare (wealth). Therefore, selfish interests of economic agents are the basic motive for economic transactions between them. A common thread in these models is that the government is led by a benevolent dictator (the principal), who aims to motivate government officials (agents) to act with integrity in the use of public resources (see Banfield 1975; Becker 1968, 1983; Becker and Stigler 1974; Klitgaard 1988, 1997; Rose-Ackerman 1975, 1978). Resources are allocated to the activities that provide the greatest returns on investment (an allocation decision). Rent by economic definition is a factor of income above the competitive returns (opportunity costs) of the factor and thus because rent appropriations will maximize individual utility (welfare), economic agents are engaged in the rent-seeking process, the process of creation and distribution (appropriation) of rent. Theoretically speaking, rent can be created in a few distinctive ways, but in reality the most significant rent generator is government intervention through the violation of free market operations by way of regulations. In his classical Corruption Equation, Kiltgaard, (1998) postulates that: Corruption Equation C=R+D A Where C= Corruption, R= Economic Rent D= Discretionary powers A= Accountability. In the equation, Kiltgaard posits that Corruption (C) will exist if more opportunities for Economic Rent ( R) exist in a country and that the greater the discretionary powers (D) granted to administrators (bureaucrats, leaders, politicians etc) the more the chances of corruption. However, the equation states that the more administrators are held Accountable (A) for their actions, the less will be corruption. This is designated by the minus sign in front of A. Stated differently, the equation tells us that a fertile ground for growth of a thoroughly corrupt system will emerge in a country if it satisfies the following three conditions: It has a large number of laws, rules, regulations, and administrative orders to restrict business and economic activities and thereby creates huge opportunities for generating economic rent, and especially if these restrictive measures are complex and opaque and applied in a selective, secretive, inconsistent and non-transparent way; Administrators are granted large discretionary powers with respect to interpreting rules, are given a lot of freedom to decide on how rules are to be applied, to whom and in what manner they are to be applied, are vested with powers to amend, alter, and rescind the rules, and even to supplement the rules by invoking new restrictive administrative measures and procedures; and There are no effective mechanisms and institutional arrangements in the country to hold administrators accountable for their actions. The Public/Rational Choice Theory: Like most white-collar crimes, corruption has been seen as a crime of rational choice where the causal chain is that of an individual making a rational decision that leads to a predetermined outcome (de Graaf, 2007). According to de Graaf, the individual corrupt official tries to maximize his utility by rationally calculating when to become corrupt if its expected advantages outweigh its expected disadvantages (a combination of possible penalty and the chance of being caught). Rose-Ackeman (1978), posits that public officials are corrupt simply because they perceive that the potential benefits of corruption exceeds that potential costs. See also Klitgaard, (1988), Gambetta, 1993). This theory is supported by works of Hirschi and Gottfredson (1987) Shover and Hochstetler (2006), and Simpson (2009) in their rational choice theories on white-collar crimes. The rational choice theory, unlike others concentrates on a specific situation of an agent who ca lculates the pros and cons ignoring the larger social context that breeds corruption. Its focus on the officials calculation of the ensuing trade-off as a motivation leaves a gapping question of why some officials especially in the Western countries are not corrupt. The Bad Apple (Anomie) Theory: This theory also looks at the level of an individual for the causal effect of corruption. Most studies on